Cavity Paper

General

Making optical atomic clocks more stable with 10−16-level laser stabilization, V. Jiang et al.,Nature Photonics 5, 158–161 (2011)

High-precision laser stabilization via optical cavities, M. Martin and J. Ye

Overview Cavities

Relevant effects influencing frequency stability

Fundamental limit: Thermal noise limit

Thermal-Noise Limit in the Frequency Stabilization of Lasers with Rigid Cavities, K. Numata et al., PRL 93, 250602 (2004)

Thermal noise in optical cavities revisited, T. Kessler et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Vol. 29, No. 1 (2012)

Reduction of thermal noise limit

Higher-order mode locking:

Thermal noise limited higher-order mode locking of a reference cavity, X. Y. Zeng et al., arXiv:1801.05026v1 (2018)

Laser Lock: Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH):

Laser Phase and Frequency Stabilization Using an Optical Resonator, R. W. P. Drever et al., Appl. Phys. B 31, 97-105 (1983)

Vibration:

Simple vibration-insensitive cavity for laser stabilization at the 10^-16 level, J. Keller et al., Appl. Phys. B 116, 203–210 (2014)

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.053829

Residual amplitude modulation:

Reduction of residual amplitude modulation to 1 × 10-6 for frequency modulation and laser stabilization, W. Zhang et al., Optics Letters Vol. 39, No. 7 (2014)

Investigation and cancellation of residual amplitude modulation in fiber electro-optic modulator based frequency modulation gas sensing technique, Z. Li et al., Sensors and Actuators B 196, 23–30 (2014)

Residual amplitude modulation in interferometric gravitational wave detector, K. Kokeyama et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Vol. 31, No. 1 (2014)

Residual Amplitude Modulation in Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors, K. Kokeyama et al., aXiv:1309.4522v1 [gr-qc] 18 Sep 2013

Temperature/CTE:

ULE compensations rings:

Tuning the thermal expansion properties of optical reference cavities with fused silica mirrors, T. Legero et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Vol. 27, No. 5 (2010)

Mercury (Paris) cavity:

Ultrastable lasers based on vibration insensitive cavities, J. Millo et al., PR A 79, 053829 (2009)

Laser locking to the Hg199 𝑆01−𝑃03 clock transition with 5.4×10−15/√𝜏 fractional frequency instability , J. J. McFerran et al., Optics Letters Vol. 37, No. 17, 3477-3479 (2012)

Coating

Crystaline coatings:

Tenfold reduction of Brownian noise in high-reflectivity optical coatings, Garrett D. Cole et al., Nature Photonics 7, 644–650 (2013)

Optical performance of large-area crystalline coatings, M. Marchito et al., Opt. Exp. 6114, Vol. 26, No. 5 (2018)

Spacer geometries

Vertical geometry:

Length: 2.5 cm:

Compact, thermal-noise-limited reference cavity for ultra-low-noise microwave generation, J. Davila-Rodriguez et al., Opt. lett. Vol. 42, No. 7 (2017)

Length: 7 cm:

Compact, thermal-noise-limited optical cavity for diode laser stabilization at 1×10−15, A. D. Ludlow et al., Optics Letters Vol. 32, Issue 6, pp. 641-643 (2007)

Length: 10 cm:

A compact, robust, and transportable ultra-stable laser with a fractional frequency instability of 1 × 10−15, Q. F. Chen et al., REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 85, 113107 (2014)

Length: 48 cm:

8 × 10−17 fractional laser frequency instability with a long room-temperature cavity, S. Häfner et al., Optical Letters Vol. 40, No. 9 (2015)

A strontium lattice clock with 3×10^−17 inaccuracy and its frequency: a_strontium_lattice_clock_with_310_-17_inaccuracy_and_its_frequency.pdf

Cubic geometry:

Force-insensitive optical cavity, S. Webster et al., Optics Letters Vol. 36, Issue 18, pp. 3572-3574 (2011)

PTB took the NPL-design and updated it for a better longterm stability (see Häfner PHD-thesis, Chapter 4.2)

Cryogenic single-crystal optical cavities:

Ultrastable laser with average fractional frequency drift rate below 5 × 10−19/s, C. Hagemann et al., Optics Letters Vol. 39, No. 17 (2014)

A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity, T. Kessler et al., Nature Photonics Vol. 6, 687-692 (2012)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.263202

Applications

Transfer of stability:

Providing 10−16 Short-Term Stability of a 1.5-μm Laser to Optical Clocks, C. Hagemann et. al., IEEE Transactions on instrumentation and measurement, VOL. 62, NO. 6 (2013)

Transportable cavities:

Single-ion, transportable optical atomic clocks, Marion Delehaye & Clément Lacroûte, Journal of Modern Optics, 65:5-6, 622-639 (2018)

Lorentz invariance for the electron: