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 ====== Atomic clocks ====== ====== Atomic clocks ======
 ---- ----
-==== General ====+====== General ====== 
 +----
   * {{ :groups:mg:1401.2378v2.pdf |Optical atomic clocks}}, N. Poli et al., arXiv:1401.2378v2 (2014)   * {{ :groups:mg:1401.2378v2.pdf |Optical atomic clocks}}, N. Poli et al., arXiv:1401.2378v2 (2014)
   * {{ :groups:mg:revmodphys.87.637.pdf |Optical atomic clocks}}, A.D. Ludlow et al., Reviews of modern physics **87** (2015)   * {{ :groups:mg:revmodphys.87.637.pdf |Optical atomic clocks}}, A.D. Ludlow et al., Reviews of modern physics **87** (2015)
   * Fritz Riehle, Frequency Standards, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2004   * Fritz Riehle, Frequency Standards, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2004
 +  * Optical dipole trap: {{ :groups:mg:optical_dipole_trap.pdf |}}
  
 +======  Elements ======  
 +----
   * Best Clock so far (Stand 11/2016) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v506/n7486/pdf/nature12941.pdf  doi:10.1038/nature12941   * Best Clock so far (Stand 11/2016) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v506/n7486/pdf/nature12941.pdf  doi:10.1038/nature12941
   * Systematic Evaluation for this http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7896.pdf   * Systematic Evaluation for this http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7896.pdf
   * Best Clock Comparison so far (Stand 11/2016) Comparison of Two Independent Sr Optical Clocks with 1×10−17 Stability at 10^3  s: {{ :groups:mg:physrevlett.109.230801.pdf |}}   * Best Clock Comparison so far (Stand 11/2016) Comparison of Two Independent Sr Optical Clocks with 1×10−17 Stability at 10^3  s: {{ :groups:mg:physrevlett.109.230801.pdf |}}
  
-==== Elements ==== 
   * **Mercury:**   * **Mercury:**
     * {{ :groups:mg:1603.02026v2.pdf |Comparing a mercury optical lattice clock with microwave and optical frequency standards}}, R. Tyumenev et al., arXiv:1603.02026v2 [physics.atom-ph] 13 Nov 2016     * {{ :groups:mg:1603.02026v2.pdf |Comparing a mercury optical lattice clock with microwave and optical frequency standards}}, R. Tyumenev et al., arXiv:1603.02026v2 [physics.atom-ph] 13 Nov 2016
- 
-====== Cavities ====== 
----- 
-[[.:Summary of the best cavities|Summary of the best cavities]] 
- 
-  * Mercury (Paris) cavity:  
-      *  {{ :groups:mg:physreva.79.053829.pdf |Ultrastable lasers based on vibration insensitive cavities}}, J. Millo et al., PR A **79**, 053829 (2009) 
-      * {{ :groups:mg:ol-37-17-3477.pdf |Laser locking to the Hg199 𝑆01−𝑃03 clock transition with 5.4×10−15/√𝜏 fractional frequency instability }}, J. J. McFerran et al., Optics Letters Vol. **37**, No. 17, 3477-3479 (2012) 
- 
-==== General ==== 
-  * {{ :groups:mg:nphoton.2010.313.pdf |Making optical atomic clocks more stable with 10−16-level laser stabilization}}, V. Jiang et al.,Nature Photonics **5**, 158–161 (2011) 
- 
-==== Relevant effects influencing frequency stability ==== 
-  * **Vibration:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:art_3a10.1007_2fs00340-013-5676-y.pdf |Simple vibration-insensitive cavity for laser stabilization at the 10^-16 level}}, J. Keller et al., Appl. Phys. **B 116**, 203–210 (2014)  
-  * **Thermal-Noise:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:physrevlett.93.250602.pdf |Thermal-Noise Limit in the Frequency Stabilization of Lasers with Rigid Cavities}}, K. Numata et al., PRL **93**, 250602 (2004) 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:josab-29-1-178.pdf |Thermal noise in optical cavities revisited}}, T. Kessler et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Vol. **29**, No. 1 (2012) 
-  * **Residual amplitude modulation:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:ol-39-7-1980.pdf |Reduction of residual amplitude modulation to 1 × 10-6 for frequency modulation and laser stabilization}}, W. Zhang et al., Optics Letters Vol. **39**, No. 7 (2014) 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:05095849.pdf |Investigation and cancellation of residual amplitude modulation in fiber electro-optic modulator based frequency modulation gas sensing technique}}, Z. Li et al., Sensors and Actuators B **196**, 23–30 (2014) 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:josaa-31-1-81.pdf |Residual amplitude modulation in interferometric gravitational wave detector}}, K. Kokeyama et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Vol. **31**, No. 1 (2014) 
-              * {{ :groups:mg:1309.4522.pdf |Residual Amplitude Modulation in Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors}}, K. Kokeyama et al.,  aXiv:1309.4522v1 [gr-qc] 18 Sep 2013 
- 
-==== Length ==== 
-  * **7 cm:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:ol-32-6-641.pdf |Compact, thermal-noise-limited optical cavity for diode laser stabilization at 1×10−15}}, A. D. Ludlow et al., Optics Letters Vol. **32**, Issue 6, pp. 641-643 (2007)  
- 
-  * **10 cm:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:che14.pdf |A compact, robust, and transportable ultra-stable laser with a fractional frequency instability of 1 × 10−15}}, Q. F. Chen et al., REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 85, 113107 (2014) 
- 
-  * **48 cm:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:ol-40-9-2112.pdf |8  ×  10−17 fractional laser frequency instability with a long room-temperature cavity}}, S. Häfner et al., Optical Letters Vol. **40**, No. 9 (2015) 
- 
-==== Mirror layers ==== 
-  * **Crystaline coatings:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:nphoton.2013.174.pdf |Tenfold reduction of Brownian noise in high-reflectivity optical coatings}}, Garrett D. Cole et al., Nature Photonics **7**, 644–650 (2013) 
- 
-==== Other geometries ==== 
-  * **Cubic geometry:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:ol-36-18-3572.pdf |Force-insensitive optical cavity}}, S. Webster et al., Optics Letters Vol. **36**, Issue 18, pp. 3572-3574 (2011) 
-                * PTB took the NPL-design and updated it for a better longterm stability (see Häfner PHD-thesis, Chapter 4.2) 
- 
-  * **Cryogenic single-crystal optical cavities:** 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:ol-39-17-5102.pdf |Ultrastable laser with average fractional frequency drift rate below 5 × 10−19/s}}, C. Hagemann et al., Optics Letters Vol. **39**, No. 17 (2014) 
-          * {{ :groups:mg:nphoton.2012.217.pdf |A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity}}, T. Kessler et al., Nature Photonics Vol. **6**, 687-692 (2012) 
- 
-==== Applications ==== 
-  * **Transfer of stability:** 
-        * {{ :groups:mg:06468089.pdf |Providing 10−16 Short-Term Stability of a 1.5-μm Laser to Optical Clocks}}, C. Hagemann et. al., IEEE Transactions on instrumentation and measurement, VOL. 62, NO. 6 (2013) 
  
 ====== Application of Clocks ====== ====== Application of Clocks ======
 ---- ----
   * Realization of a timescale with an accurate optical lattice clock: {{ :groups:mg:optica-3-6-563.pdf |}}   * Realization of a timescale with an accurate optical lattice clock: {{ :groups:mg:optica-3-6-563.pdf |}}
 +  * Search for New Physics with Atoms and Molecules: [[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.01833.pdf]]